A.Definition
Modal
is type of auxiliary verb.The modal
auxiliaries are can,could,may,might,should,had better,must,will,would.Modal
auxiliaries generally express speaker’s attitudes.For example,modals can
express that a speaker feels something is
necessary,advisable,permissible,possible or probably,etc.Most of the modals
have more than one meaning.
B.Kinds
The
Kinds of modal
v Basic Modal :
Can,could,may,might,should,had
better,must,will,shall, and would are followed by the simple form of a verb.
Word order :
Modal + B I (Bare infinitive).
v Phrasal Modal:
Phrasal modals are common expressions
whose meaning are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries.Example :
Be able to is similar to can and could , be going to is similar to will and
would, have to and have got to similar to must,be supposed to similar to could
, be allowed to similar to may,and the last is used to.
Word order
: Modal + an infinitive ( to + the simple form of a
verb ).
Note :
v The main verb (specially for basic modal ) are not
followed by “to”:
Correct : I can speak English .
Incorrect : I can to speak English.
v The main verb never has a final –s.
Correct : Ady can speak English.
Incorrect : Ady can speaks English.
Ady can doesn’t speak English.
Ady can did speak English.
v So: The main verb immediatetly by the simple form of
verb.
Exception : Have,have got,ought and phrasal modal.
C.Function
1)
can
Use
|
Examples
|
ability to do in the present or
future (substitute form: to be able to)
|
I Can understand abaut English
|
permission to do in the present
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
Can I go to the cinema?
|
Request
|
Can you wait a moment, please?
|
Offer
|
I can lend you my car till
tomorrow.
|
Suggestion
|
Can we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
|
Possibility
|
It can get very hot in Arizona.
|
2)
could
Use
|
Examples
|
ability to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be able to)
|
I could understand abaut English.
|
permission to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
I could go to the cinema.
|
polite question *
|
Could I go to the cinema, please?
|
polite request *
|
Could you wait a moment, please?
|
polite offer *
|
I could lend you my car till
tomorrow.
|
polite suggestion *
|
Could we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
|
possibility *
|
It could get very hot in Montana.
|
3)
may
Use
|
Examples
|
Possibility
|
It may rain today.
|
permission to do . in the present
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
May I go to the cinema?
|
polite suggestion
|
May I help you?
|
4)
might
Use
|
Examples
|
possibility (less possible than
may) *
|
It might rain today.
|
hesitant offer *
|
Might I help you?
|
5)
must
Use
|
Examples
|
force, necessity
|
I must go to the supermarket
today.
|
Possibility
|
You must be tired.
|
advice, recommendation
|
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
|
6)
must not/may not
Use
|
Examples
|
Prohibition
|
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer. |
7)
Had better
Use
|
Example
|
Advisability
|
You had better take care of it.
|
8)
ought to
Use
|
Examples
|
Advice
|
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
|
Obligation
|
You ought to switch off the light
when you leave the room.
|
9)
shall
instead of will in the 1st person
Use
|
Examples
|
Suggestion
|
Shall I carry your bag?
|
10)
should
Use
|
Examples
|
Advice
|
You should drive carefully in bad
weather.
|
Obligation
|
You should switch off the light
when you leave the room.
|
11)
will
Use
|
Examples
|
wish, request, demand, order (less
polite than would)
|
Will you please shut the door?
|
prediction,
|
I think it will rain on Friday.
|
Promise
|
I will stop smoking.
|
spontaneous decision
|
Can somebody drive me to the
station? - I will.
|
Habits
|
She's strange, she'll sit for
hours without talking.
|
12)
would
Use
|
Examples
|
wish, request (more polite than
will)
|
Would you shut the door, please?
|
habits in the past
|
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
|
13).be suppose
to
Use
|
Examples
|
Expectation
|
class
is suppose to at 10.00
|
.
|
14) Have to
Use
|
Examples
|
necessity
|
I have to go to class today
|
15)
Have got to
Use
|
Examples
|
||||||||||||||||
Necessity
|
I have got to go to class today
|
||||||||||||||||
16)
be going to
|
.
|
||||||||||||||||
References
Azar ,Betty Schrampfer.
1941-
Fundamental
of English grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar.-2nd ed .
Azar ,Betty Schrampfer.
1998-
Understanding
English Grammar/Betty Schrampfer Azar .-3 rded.
Arsyad,Azhar. 2011-
Dasar – dasar Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris Melalui Your
Basic Vocabulary.
Oxford University Press.2008-
Learner’s Pocket Dictionary.-4thed.
Anonymous.1994-
The Evolution
of Grammar, Univ. of Chicago Press.(online) .http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm.Date acces on February 20,2012.

Test Modals I
1).Aurora
has to go to the airport.She ... walk to the airport.It’s too far.
a) Is
able to
b) Couldn’t
c) Can
d) Can
not
2).Look
at those dark clouds .It …….any minute.
a) Can
start being rain
b) Could
start raining
c) Could
start being rain
d) Can
start raining
3).You Must ….memorize tha all of word of your basic vocabulary.
a) Be going to
b) Be
able to
c) Have
got to
d) Supposed
to
4).The gas tank is almost empty.We ….stop at the
next service station.
a) Should
b) Ought
to
c) Had
better
d) Shall
5).You … be lazy,because time is
very important for us
a) Ought
not to
b) Shouldn’t
c) Had
not better
d) Must
not
6).If you want to become a doctor .You…..go to
medical school for many years.
a) Had
better
b) Should
c) Ought
to
d) Must
7).Jack ……….to call me last night.i wonder why he
didn’t.
a) Be
supposed
b) Is
supposed
c) Was
supposed
d) Has
supposed
8).I …….Open the
window?.Is that okay with you?
a) May
b) Shall
c). Will
d). Can
9) I…… forget hin two years ago.
a) Have to
b) Must
c) Had to
d). Have got to
10) The soup is too
hot.You….eat it yet.Wait for it to cool.
a) Cannot
b) Oughtn’t
c) Musn’t
d) May not
Test Modal II
1).You can not
Buy a screwdriver at a hardware store yesterday.
2).The sky maybe
cloudy.It will rain tomorrow
3).May
you please lend that money for my lovely frend?
4).You had not
better be late!.If you are late,you will get into a lot of
trouble.
5).Tom isn’t
going to be able help you tomorrow.
Good
Luck
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