Phrase

Phrase

ü  Definition of Phrase

The phrase is a group of two or more gramatically linked words without subject and predicate.

                                                                                        

ü  Kinds of phrase

1.      Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun.A noun phrase may consist of determiner (the,a,this,etc.) which functions as modifier and a noun which is the head of the group. [1]

     Pattern :

·         Modifier + Head

                      E.g: New house

                               M      H

·         Head + Modifier

                       E.g: Someone special

                                    H           M

·         Modifier + Head + Modifier

     E.g: His  responsible   for the management

             M         H                            M

                                              NP            +            Prep.Phrase

 Function:

                                                 Of verb E.g: The vehicle hit a tree.

§  As Subject

                                    Complement/ after linking verb

                                   E.g : She is my sister.

Linking Verb : Appear,be,become,feel,get,grow,keep,look,prove,remind,stay,seem,smell,sound,taste,turn.

                                                     Of Verb / after transitive verb

§  As Object                     E.g : He visited his children.

                                                    Of preposition  E.g : For their neighbors

                                                    Complement ( CTV + CO/Pronoun + NP )

                                                    E.g : I call her good teacher.

As shown, when noun phrase  follow verbs, they function as subjective complement of those verbs. The sentence pattern thus formed is noun + complete transitive verb ( CTV ) + complement of object (CO)/pronoun + Noun phrase, a pattern that requires a transitive verb. However, only certain verb can be followed by noun phrase as CO (Obective Complement).

Noun phrase are used as the objects of certain verbs.[2]

No	Verb	Meaning	No	Verb	Meaning
1	Appoint	Menunjuk	9	Find	Menemukan
2	Believe	Percaya	10	Leave	Meninggalkan
3	Call	Memanggil/Menamakan	11	Make	Membuat
4	Consider	Mempertimbangkan	12	Name	Menamai
5	Crown	Menobatkan	13	Suppose	Berharap
6	Declare	Memilih	14	Think	Memikirkan
7	Dye	Menyelupkan	15	Prove	Membuktikan
8	Elect	Mengumumkan	16	Vote	Memberikan suara

Here is a reference list of some of the more common verbs that can be followed by noun phrase.

§  As adverb

E.g : I see you in this morning.

2.      Adjective Phrase

An adjective is  a word group with adjective as its head.This head is commonly preceded by intensifier.

                          Pattern :          Adverb + Adjective

                                                   E.g : So handsome

               Adjective + Adverb (enough)

               E,g : Beautiful enough

               Adjective + To Infinitive

               E.g : Difficult to love you

               Adjective + Indeed (terlalu)

               E.g : Difficult indeed

                

               Function :

§  In a sentence

 As Subjective complement (Cs) after linking verb Be               (is,am,are,was,were)                                                                                                                                                

E.g : Dirwan is very kind.

                                       As Objective complement (CO)

                                      S + CTV + Direct Object + Adjective Phrase

                                       E.g : I  believe  you  good person.

                                                  CTV      DO  Adj.Phrase/CO

Certain Complex Transitive Verbs followed by Adjective

No	Verb	No	Verb	No	Verb	No	Verb	No	Verb
1	Bake	12	Drive	23	Imagine	35	Prove	45	Think
2	Beat	13	Drink	24	Keep	36	Push	46	Turn
3	Believe	14	Dye	26	Lay	37	Render	47	Wipe
4	Boil	15	Eat	27	Leave	38	Raise	48	Wash
5	Break	16	Fill	28	Let	39	See	49	Want
6	Burn	17	Fling	29	Lick	40	Set	50	Wish
7	Bore	18	Find	30	Like	41	Shout
8	Consider	19	Get	31	Make	42	Suppose
9	Colour	20	Have	32	Open	43	Slit
10	Clean	21	Hold	33	Pack	43	Sling
11	Cut	22	Hammer	34	Paint	44	Strike

§  As Adjective           

E.g : Very brave  girl

         M/Adj.P    N/H

§  In A Phrase

As Modifier in noun phrase

E.g : very diligent student

As head in adjevtive phrase

E.g : So smart in class

3.      Adverbial Phrase

An adverbial phrase is a word group with adverb as its head which can be preceded by an intensifier.

                          Pattern      Adverb + Adverb

                                             E.g : So carefully

                                             Adverbial phrase + Prep.phrase

                                             E.g : Very slowly in speaking

                           Function

§  In a phrase       As modifier in adjective phrase

                                                                E.g : Too completely childish

                          As a head in adverbial phrase

                         E.g : Exteremely kindly to my teacher

§  In a sentence

                                       As adverb

                                       E.g : Feby sings a good song very melodiously.

4.      Verb Phrase

A verb phrase is a word group with verb as its head.A verb may consist of  an auxiliary as modifier and a verb as head.

                         

                         Pattern      Auxiliary + ordinary

                                            E.g : is teaching

                                            Verb + adverb

                                            E.g : Run fast

                         Function

§  As a verb in a sentence

                                      E.g : I am invoking to the god.

                                             You may enter this room.

5.     Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase is a word group with preposition as its head.A prepositional phrase may consist of preposition and object of prepositon like noun,pronoun,and noun phrase.

                          Pattern        Prep. + Object of preposition

                                                                Prep. + Noun

                                                                E.g :For Ayhu

                                                                Prep. + Pronoun

                                                                E.g :For you

                                                                Prep. + Noun phrase

                                                                E.g :To my fiancee

                                                                N + Prep.Phrase

                                                                E.g : Book on the table

                                                                Adjective + Prep.Phrase

                                                                E.g : useful in swimming

                                                                Adverb + Prep.Phrase

                                                                                        E.g : Softly in feeling

Function

                          In nominal function

E.g : I send romantic message to you.

In Adjectival function

E.g : Some authors behind you

In Adverbial function

E.g ; I take some books on the table.

In sentence (As Complement of sentence)

E.g : Bening was in the village

In sentence (As indirect object after ditransitive verb)

E.g : Stephanie gives money for you.

                            DV     DO       IO

Common Ditransitive verb

No	Verb	Meaning	No	Verb	Meaning
1	Ask	Meminta / Menyuruh	15	Promise	Berjanji
2	Bring	Membawa	16	Read	Membaca
3	Buy	Membeli	17	Refuse	Menolak
4	Cost	Berharga	18	Say	Mengatakan
5	Get	Memperoleh	19	Sell	Menjual
6	Give	Memberikan	20	Send	Mengirim
7	Lend	Meminjamkan	21	Sing	Menyanyi
8	Leave	Meninggalkan	22	Show	Menunjukan
9	Make	Membuat	23	Teach	Mengajar
10	Owe	Berhutang	24	Take	Meletakan
11	Offer	Menawarkan	25	Tell	Mengatakan / menceritakan
12	Pay	Membayar	26	Write	Menulis
13	Play	Bermain	27	Wish	Berharap
14	Pass	Meluluskan / Melewatkan

6.      Participle Phrase

A Participle phrase is a word group with participle as its head.

Kinds

Ø  Present participle phrase

A present participle phrase is word group with present participle as its head.

Pattern : V + O/C + Adv 

                Present Participle + DO/IO + DO/Adv/CS

Function      As adjective (As modifier in Noun Phrase)

                     E.g : The man getting sick was my uncle.

                     As adverb

                     E.g : Being crazy, her husband leave her.³

Ø  Past participle phrase

A past participle is a word group with past participle as its head.

Pattern : V_{3 +} Adv

Function

In Phrase (As modifier in noun phrase)

            E.g : The book bought in Gramedia is hers.

In sentence

§  As Objective complement (after causative verb have & get)

           E.g : I get my television,repaired to him.

                      C           DO             CO

§  As Adverb

E.g : Sent to my mother,my letter replayed.

      There are Certain Past Participle Phrase  in objective complement  i.e : Have & get (Causative verb).

S + V_CT + O + Co_{(Past participle)}

E.g : My father has got the letter sent by me.

7.      Invinitife Phrase

An infinitife phrase is a word group with to infinitive as its head  Kinds

Ø  To Infinitive Phrase

A to infinitive phrase is a word group with to infinitive as its head.

Pattern : To Infinitive + DO/IO + DO/CS/Adverb

Function

§  As Subject

Subject of verb

E.g : To read a book is my hobby.

Subjective Complement

E.g : My habit is to study english.

§  As Object

Object of verb

E.g : I regret to love you.

Certain Mono Transitive Verb Followed by Infinitive

No	Certain Word	Meaning	No	Certain Word	Meaning
1	Afford	Sanggup	20	Mean	Bermaksud
2	Agree	Menyetujui	21	Need	Membutuhkan
3	Appear	Kelihatannya	22	Offer	Menawarkan
4	Arrange	Mengatur	23	Plan	Berencana
5	Ask	Meminta	24	Prepare	Bersiap - siap
6	Beg	Ingin	25	Pretend	Berpura - pura
7	Care	Peduli/Suka	26	Promise	Mengizinkan
8	Claim	Mengaku	27	Refuse	Menolak
9	Consent	Menyetujui	28	Regret	Menyesal
10	Decide	Memutuskan	29	Remember	Mengingat
11	Demand	Meminta/Menuntut	30	Seem	Rupanya
12	Desrve	Berhak/Pantas	31	Struggle	Berebut
13	Expect	Mengharapkan	32	Swear	Bersumpah
14	Fail	Lalai	33	Threaten	Mengancam
15	Forget	Lupa	34	Volunteer	Secara Sukarela
16	Hesitate	Ragu	35	Wait	Menunggu
17	Hope	Mengharapkan	36	Want	Menginginkan
18	Learn	Belajar	37	Wish	Mengharapkan
19	Manage	Berusaha Keras

Objective Complement

E.g : She forbids me to go to market.

No	Verb	Meaning	NO	Verb	Meaning
1	Advise	Menasehati	16	Hire	Menyewa
2	Allow	Mengizinkan	17	Instruct	Memerintahkan
3	Ask	Meminta	18	Invite	Mengundang
4	Assist	Membantu	19	Need	Butuh
5	Beg	Menginginkan	20	Order	Menyuruh
6	Cause	Menyebabkan	21	Permit	Mengizinkan
7	Challenge	Menantang	22	Persuade	Membujuk
8	Convince	Meyakinkan	23	Remind	Mengingatkan
9	Dare	Menentang	24	Require	Mewajibkan
10	Encourage	Mengajurkan	25	Request	Meminta
11	Expect	Mengharap	26	Teach	Mengajar
12	Forbid	Melarang	27	Tell	Menyuruh
13	Force	Memaksa	28	Urge	Mendorong
14	Get	Menyuruh	29	Want	Menginginkan
15	Help	Membantu	30	Warn	Memperingatkan

Complex Transitive Verb (CTV) Followed by Pronoun + Infinitive

§  As Adverb

E.g : I went to gramedia to buy a book.

§  As Modifier in Noun Phrase

E.g : Ability to make the girl loves me is true.

            H          M

         The predicate adjectives followed by infinitive subjects in inconstructions ( it would be wise to do that ) have already been mentioned.The predicate adjectives given here are modified by the infinitive phrases.The pattern is    S+V_L+Certain Adj+To Infinitive

*Afraid	*Eager	Lucky
*Anxious	Eligible	Proud
Apt	*(Un)Fit	Ready
Bound	Fortunate	*Sorry
Careful	*Glad	*Suitable
Certain	*Happy	Sure
*Content	*Impatient	(un)Worthy
Desrving	Likelly

          Marcela Frank (Page : 345)

Smart Learner’s Hand Book (Page: 23 – 25)

Afraid

Amazed*

Anxious

Ashamed

Astonished

Careful

Content

Delighted

Determined

Dissapointed*

Eager

Fortunate

Glad

Happy

Hesitate

Lucky

Motivated

Pleased

Prepared

Proud

Ready

Relieved

Reluctant

Sad*

Shocked*

Sorry*

Stunned*

Surprised

Upset*

Willing

Infinitive may occur with for phrases after these adjective

For Instance :

I’m anxious to see my lawyer at once

            We are fortunate to have such a good teacher.

The adjective has * always followed by some verbs i.e :

See,learn,discover,find out,bear.

Ø  Bare Infinitive Phrase

        A bare infinitive phrase is a word group with bare infinitive phrase as its head.

Pattern : Bare Infinitive + DO/IO + DO/CS/Adv

Function       As objective complement

                         E.g : You made me understand it.⁶

Certain Bare Infinitive Phrase As objective complement

Have       :Marry had John wash the the car.(Menyuruh)

Help        :Dirwan helped Feby clean the dishes.(Membantu)

Let           :My fiance lets me drive a car.(Membiarkan)

Make       :I made my brother carry my suitcase.(Memaksa)

Additional Certain Bare Infinitive

      Verb or physical perception followed by Bare Infinitive : feel,notice,look at,hear,listen to,oversee,watch,see.

E.g : I hear something fall down in outside.

           CTV                           CO

8.      Gerund Phrase

          A gerund phrase is a word group with gerund as its head

Pattern : Gerund + DO/IO + DO/CS/Adv

Function      As Subject

                        Subject of verb

                        E.g : Reading a book is my hobby

                        Subjective complement

                         E.g : My hobby is driving a car.

                       

As Object            

                        Object of Verb

                         E.g : I enjoyed eating the crackers.

Certain Complex Transitive Verb Followed by Gerund

No	Verb	Meaning	NO	Verb	Meaning
1	Admit	Mengakui	18	Mind	Keberatan
2	Advise	Memberitahu	19	Miss	Merindukan
3	Anticipate	Mengharap	20	Postpone	Menunda/menagguhkan
4	Appreciate	Menghargai	21	Practice	Berlatih
5	Avoid	Menghindari	22	Quit	Berhenti
6	Complete	Menyelesaikan	23	Recall	Mengingat
7	Consider	Mempertimbangkan	24	Recollect	Mengingat kembali
8	Delay	Menunda	25	Recommend	Menganjurkan
9	Deny	menyangkal / mengingkari	26	Regret	Menyesal
10	Discuss	Membicarakan	27	Remember	mengingat
11	Dislike	Membenci	28	Resent	Marah
12	Enjoy	Menikmati	29	Resist	Menahan
13	Finish	Menyelesaikan	30	Risk	Mengambil resiko
14	Forget	Melupakan	31	Stop	Berhenti
15	Can't help	Tidak tahan / tidak berdaya	32	Suggest	Menyarankan
16	Keep	Tetap	33	Tolerate	Sabar menahan
17	mention	Menyebutkan	34	Understand	Mengerti

     Object of preposition

    E.g : They apologized for making a mess.

9.      Exclamatory Phrase

      An exclamatory phrase is a word group with exclamatory word as its head.

Kinds

Ø  Exclamatory Adjective  

Word order     What + adjective + Noun (Plural/Unc)

                             What + Noun phrase/Noun Count/Count.Plrl

                             What + a/an + Adjective + Noun Singular

Function            As Subject

                             Subject of Verb

                             E.g : What a kind teacher is he !

                             Subjective Complement

                             E.g : What a handsome man he is !

As Object

                             Object of Verb

                             E.g : What a restaurant she built !

                             Object of Preposition

                             E.g : What a library they study in !

Ø  Exclamatory Adverb

Word order : How + Adverb

Function       As Subjective Complement

                        E.g : How strong he is !

                        As Adverb

                        E.g : How fluently he speaks !

References

Azar, Betty Schampfer. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar. America: Pearson Education.

Frank, Marcela. 1972. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Fuchs, Marjorie and Margaret Bonner. 2000. Grammar Express Intermediate. America: Pearson Longman.

Murphy, Raymond. 1994. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Pora, Yusran. 2002. Develop Your Vocabulary Grammar and Idiom. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajara.

Thomson, A.j. and A.V. Martinet. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. New York: Oxford.

Wishon, George E. And Julia M. Burks. 1980. Let’s Write English. New York: Litton Educational Publishing International.

Luthfi, Ismail.2007. Smart Learner’s Hand Book The Collection of Certain Words .Pare : Smart ILC Press.

Eastwood, John.2008. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Grammar. New York : Oxford University Press.

Wishon, G.E.1980.et all,Let’s Write English,Revised edition,Litton. New York : Educational Publishing.

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[1] Michael A. Pyle, M.A. and Mary Ellen Munoz Page, M.A, Toefl Cliffs, (New Delhi:Nice printing press, 2005), h 44.

[2] Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner, Grammar Express Intermediate, (America: Pearson Longman, 2000), h 199.