PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
One use of a conjunction is to connect
words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This
use of conjunctions is called “Parallel Structure.” The conjunction used in
this pattern are and, but, or, nor.
These words are called “ Coordinating Conjunctions.”
For
instance:
a. Steve
and his friend are coming to dinner.
In
(a): noun + and + noun
b. Susan
raised her hand and snapped her
fingers.
In
(b): verb + and + verb.
c. He
is waving his arms and (is) shouting
at us.
In
©: verb + and + verb
The
second auxiliary may be omitted if it
the same as the first auxiliary
d. These
shoes are old but comfortable.
In
(d): adjective + but + adjective
e. He
wants to watch TV or listen to some
music.
in
(e): infinitive + or + infinitive
the
second auxiliary to is usually omitted.
A
parallel structure may contain more than two parts. In a series, commas are
used to separate each unit. The final commas that precedes the conjunction is
optional; also correct: Steve, Joe and
Alice are coming to dinner.
For Instance;
a. Steve,
Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner
b. Susan
raised her hand, snapped her fingers, and ask a question.
c. The
colors in that fabric are red, gold, black, and green.
(Source: Understanding
and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer)
When we write sentences in English, every component of sentences
must be compiled compatibly and parallel. So, subject, verb, object, and also
Adverb in sentences must be compiled to be parallel formation. The form that
must be parallel in sentences can be noun, gerund, adjective, infinitive, and
etc.
In another source, there are some additions of conjunction who are
used to connect a word or phrase. Formation of object or matter that connected
with and, but, as, or, than, or although must have the same grammatical.
1. Interdependent
objects who has parallel wight must have the same grammatical.
a. Nouns
N N N
Andi likes music, art, and history.
b. Gerunds
V + Ing V + Ing V
+ Ing
Linda likes singing, dancing, and horsebackriding.
c. Adjectives
Adj Adj Adj
She is tall, swim, and beautiful.
d. Infinitives
Inf. Inf. Inf.
We wanted to paint the bedroom, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa.
e. Past
Tense
Past Past Past
I bought a new bag, brought
it home, and gave it for his
daughter.
f. Past
Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Joko had finished the game, had taken a shower, and had eaten lunch by the time I got to his
house.
2.
The conjunction used in this source
are and, but, as, or, than, or although.
a. And
N Phrase N Phrase
He enjoyed the music of Spain and the sculpture of France.
b. But
Adj. Adj.
That verb form is not active, but passive.
c. As
V+Ing V+Ing
Taking
the
bus can be as costly as taking a
plane
d. Or
Inf. Inf.
He wanted to eat or to buy a delicious food.
e. Than
V+Ing V+Ing
Eating
in a restaurant is more fun than cooking
at home.
f. Although
Inf. Inf
Although he liked to
eat good food, he did not like to pay high prices for it.
Another coordinating
conjunction consist of:
g. Both
….and
He was both degraded and expelled.
h. Not
only…but
Not
only
I, but all the other men declare
this to be true.
i.
Not only…but also
That man was not only accused, but also convicted.
j.
Either ….or
Either
that boy sinned or his parents.
k. Neither….nor
He was neither an opium-smoker nor a drunkard.
l.
Yet
She is very rich, yet she is not contented.
m. So
It is time to go, so let us start.
n. For
It is going to rain, for the barometer is falling.
o. Only
I would have come, only I didn’t know.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azar,
Schrampfer, Betty. (1999). English Grammar : Understanding and Using. United States of America: Mary
Jane Peluso.
M.
Hum, S. Pd, Tumijo and M. Pd, Riyanto, Slamet, Drs. (2010). Successful
Strategies for
TOEFL. Jakarta: PT. Buku Kita.
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